Proses Belajar Mengajar Matematika
Proses belajar mengajar pada dasarnya adalah interaksi atau hubungan antara siswa dengan guru dan antar sesama siswa dalam proses pembelajaran. Interaksi dalam proses belajar mengajar mempunyai arti luas, tidak sekedar hubungan antara guru dengan siswa tetapi juga interaksi edukatif, dalam hal ini bukan hanya menyampaikan pesan berupa mata pelajaran, melainkan juga nilai dan sikap pada diri siswa yang sedang belajar. Proses belajar mengajar matematika merupakan suatu kegiatan yang mengandung serangkaian persiapan guru dan siswa atas dasar hubungan timbal balik yang berlangsung dalam situasi edukatif untuk mencapai tujuan tertentu. Dalam proses belajar mengajar terdapat adanya satu kesatuan yang tidak dapat dipisahkan antara guru yang mengajar dengan siswa yang belajar.
Menurut Usman (1993:4) belajar dapat diartikan sebagai perubahan tingkah laku pada diri individu berkat adanya interaksi individu dengan individu dan individu dengan lingkungannya sehingga mereka lebih mampu berinteraksi dengan lingkungannya. Lebih lanjut Usman (1993:6) mengungkapkan bahwa mengajar pada prinsipnya adalah membimbing siswa dalam kegiatan belajar mengajar. Dapat pula dikatakan bahwa mengajar merupakan suatu usaha mengorganisasi lingkungan dalam hubungannya dengan anak didik dan bahan pengajaran sehingga menimbulkan terjadinya proses belajar pada diri siswa.
Dalam hal belajar mengajar matematika, perlu diketahui karakteristik matematika. Dengan mengetahui karakteristik matematika, maka seharusnya dapat pula diketahui bagaimana belajar dan mengajar matematika. Karakteristik matematika yang dimaksud adalah obyek matematika bersifat abstrak, materi matematika disusun secara hirarkis, dan cara penalaran matematika adalah deduktif.
Obyek matematika bersifat abstrak, maka belajar matematika memerlukan daya nalar yang tinggi. Demikian pula dalam mengajar matematika guru harus mampu mengabstraksikan obyek-obyek matematika dengan baik sehingga siswa dapat memahami obyek matematika yang diajarkan. Hudoyo (1988:3) menyatakan bahwa belajar matematika merupakan kegiatan mental yang tinggi. Sehingga dalam mengajar matematika guru harus mampu memberikan penjelasan dengan baik sehingga konsep-konsep matematika yang abstrak dapat dipahami siswa.
Materi matematika disusun secara hierarkis artinya suatu topik matematika akan merupakan prasyarat bagi topik berikutnya. Oleh karena itu, untuk mempelajari suatu topik matematika yang baru, pengalaman belajar yang lalu dari seseorang akan mempengaruhi proses belajar mengajar matematika tersebut. Hudoyo (1988:4) mengungkapkan bahwa karena kehirarkisan matematika itu, maka belajar matematika yang terputus-putus akan mengganggu terjadinya proses belajar. Ini berarti proses belajar matematika akan terjadi dengan lancar bila belajar itu sendiri dilakukan secara kontinyu. Karena dalam belajar matematika memerlukan materi prasyarat untuk memahami materi berikutnya, maka dalam mengajar matematika guru harus mengidentifikasikan materi-materi yang menjadi prasyarat suatu topik mata pelajaran matematika.
Hakekat Matematika
Matematika timbul karena pikiran-pikiran manusia berhubungan dengan ide dan penalaran. Ide-ide yang dihasilkan oleh pikiran-pikiran manusia itu merupakan sistem-sistem yang bersifat untuk menggambarkan konsep-konsep abstrak, dimana masing-masing sistem bersifat deduktif sehingga berlaku umum dalam menyelesaikan maslah.
Sehubungan dengan hal di atas Hudoyo (1988:3) menyatakan matematika berkenaan dengan ide-ide (gagasan-gagasan), struktur-struktur dan hubungan-hubungan yang diatur secara logik sehingga matematika itu berkaitan dengan konsep-konsep abstrak. Suatu kebenaran matematika dikembangkan berdasarkan atas alasan logik yang menggunakan pembuktian deduktif.
3. Soal-soal Cerita
Matematika dapat melatih siswa untuk berpikir secara logis, rasional, operasional dan terukur seusia dengan karakteristik ilmu ini. Salah satu materi dalam matematika yang penting dipelajari siswa SD dan perlu ditingkatkan mutu pembelajarannya adalah materi yang disajikan dalam bentuk cerita (soal cerita). Menurut Sutawidjaja (dalam Ahmad, 2001 : 172) soal cerita yang erat kaitannya dengan masalah kehidupan sehari-hari itu penting sekali diberikan dalam pembelajaran matematika SD karena pada umumnya soal cerita dapat digunakan (sebagai cikal bakal) untuk melatih siswa dalam menyelesaikan masalah.
Menurut Ahmad (2001:171) soal cerita (word/story problems) biasanya merupakan soal terapan dari suatu pokok bahasan yang dihubungkan dengan masalah sehari-hari. Untuk menyelesaikan matematika umumnya dan terutama soal cerita, Soedjadi (1992:65) mengemukakan langkah-langkah sebagai berikut:
a. Membaca soal dengan cermat untuk mengangkap makna tiap kalimat
b. Memisahkan dan mengungkapkan
1). Apa yang diketahui dalam soal
2). Apa yang diminta/ditanyakan dalam soal
3). Operasi/pengerjaan apa yang diperlukan
c. Membuat model matematika dari soal
d. Menyelesaikan model menurut aturan-aturan matematika sehingga mendapatkan jawaban dari model tersebut
e. Mengembalikan jawaban kepada soal asal
Untuk menyelesaikan soal cerita agar aturan-aturan dalam matematika dapat berlaku, maka dari soal dibuat dalam suatu kalimat matematika atau notasi yang merupakan terjemahan atau fakta dari soal cerita.
4. Pendekatan Tutor Sebaya
Program tutorial pada dasarnya sama dengan program bimbingan, yang bertujuan memberikan bantuan kepada siswa atau peserta didik agar dapat mencapai hasil belajar optimal. Hamalik (1990:73) menyatakan tutorial adalah bimbingan pembelajaran dalam bentuk pemberian bimbingan, bantuan, petunjuk, arahan, dan motivasi agar para siswa belajar secara efisien dan efektif.
Subyek atau tenaga yang memberikan bimbingan dalam kegiatan tutorial dikenal sebagai tutor. Tutor dapat berasal dari guru atau pengajar, pelatih, pejabat struktural, atau bahkan siswa yang dipilih dan ditugaskan guru untuk membantu teman-temannya dalam belajar di kelas. Siswa yang dipilih guru adalah teman sekelas dan memiliki kemampuan lebih cepat memahami materi yang diajarkan, selain itu memiliki kemampuan menjelaskan ulang materi yang diajarkan pada teman-temannya. Karena siswa yang dipilih menjadi tutor ini seumur (sebaya) dengan teman-temannya yang akan diberikan bantuan, maka tutor tersebut sering dikenal dengan sebutan tutor sebaya.
Pengertian di atas sejalan dengan yang dikemukakan oleh Arikunto (1986:77) bahwa tutor sebaya adalah seseorang atau beberapa orang siswa yang ditunjuk oleh guru sebagai pembantu guru dalam melakukan bimbingan terhadap kawan sekelas. Untuk menentukan seorang tutor ada beberapa kriteria yang harus dimiliki oleh seorang siswa yaitu siswa yang dipilih nilai prestasi belajar matematikanya lebih besar atau sama degan delapan, dapat memberikan bimbingan dan penjelasan kepada siswa yang mengalami kesulitan dalam belajar dan memiliki kesabaran serta kemampuan memotivasi siswa dalam belajar.
Sejalan dengan uraian di atas, Arikunto (1986:62) mengemukakan bahwa dalam memilih tutor perlu diperhatikan hal-hal sebagai berikut:
a. Tutor dapat diterima (disetujui) oleh siswa yang mendapat program perbaikan sehingga siswa tidak mempunyai rasa takut atau enggan untuk bertanya kepadanya.
b. Tutor dapat menerangkan bahan perbaikan yang dibutuhkan oleh siswa yang menerima program perbaikan.
c. Tutor tidak tinggi hati, kejam atau keras hati terhadap sesama kawan.
d. Tutor mempunyai daya kreativitas yang cukup untuk memberikan bimbingan, yaitu dapat menerangkan pelajaran kepada kawannya.
Siswa yang ditunjuk sebagai tutor akan ditugaskan membantu siswa yang akan mendapat program perbaikan, sehingga setiap tutor harus diberikan petunjuk yang sejelas-jelasnya tentang apa yang harus dilakukan. Petunjuk ini memang mutlak diperlukan bagi setiap tutor karena hanya gurulah yang mengetahui kelemahan siswa, sedangkan tutor hanya membantu melaksanakan perbaikan, bukan mendiagnosa.
Para tutor dilatih untuk mengajar berdasarkan silabus yang telah ditentukan. Hubungan antara tutor dengan siswa adalah hubungan antar kakak-adik atau antar kawan, kekakuan yang ada pada guru agar dihilangkan. Dalam kegiatan ini tutor dan guru menjadi semacam staf ahli yang mampu mengatsi kesulitan yang dihadapi murid, baik dengan cara satu lawan satu maupun kelompok kecil (Muntansir, 1985:58).
Dari sudut lain dapat diketengahkan bahwa efektifitas para tutor itu cukup dapat diharapkan. Tentang efektifitas tutor itu, Good dalam Muntansir (1985:180) menerangkan bahwa tutor SD sama efektifnya dengan tutor dari perguruan tinggi. Dalam kesempatan lain Good juga menyatakan bahwa tutor juga dapat menjadi alat untuk menimbulkan motivasi pada pelajaran bermutu. Tutor ini juga mendapatkan keuntungan berupa nilai pelajaran yang bertambah baik, sama dengan yang ditutori, terutama kalau fokusnya pada kemampuan kognitif.
Pendekatan tutor sebaya adalah suatu pendekatan pembelajaran dimana yang melakukan kegiatan pembelajaran adalah siswa itu sendiri. Siswa yang memiliki kemampuan lebih cepat menyerap materi pelajaran akan membantu siswa yang kurang cepat menyerap materi pelajaran. Karena memiliki usia yang hampir sebaya, adakalanya seorang siswa lebih mudah menerima keterangan yang diberikan oleh kawannya yang lain karena tidak adanya rasa enggan atau malu untuk bertanya.
Pendekatan tutor sebaya ini cocok untuk mengajarkan matematika, terutama dalam menyelesaikan soal-soal cerita operasi bilangan pecahan. Apabila pendekatan ini digunakan oleh guru dengan baik dengan memberikan bimbingan terlebih dahulu kepada siswa yang akan menjadi tutor, maka pendekatan tutor sebaya ini dapat membantu siswa dalam memahami materi operasi bilangan pecahan, sehingga kemampuan siswa dalam menyelesaikan soal-soal cerita operasi bilangan pecahan dapat ditingkatkan.
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